The Cold War A New History by John Lewis Gaddis - 831 Words

With this book, a major element of American history was analyzed. The Cold War is rampant with American foreign policy and influential in shaping the modern world. Strategies of Containment outlines American policy from the end of World War II until present day. Gaddis outlines the policies of presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, including policies influenced by others such as George Kennan, John Dulles, and Henry Kissinger. The author, John Lewis Gaddis has written many books on the Cold War and is an avid researcher in the field. Some of his other works include: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War†¦show more content†¦When discussing Eisenhower, Gaddis details the massive retaliation policy adopted by Eisenhower and John Dulles. â€Å"The New Look’ as it is referred to, was instead of building up the military by providing mo re men, instead it would be cost effective to build up arms, and threaten nuclear attacks if the Soviets attempted to influence other areas across the globe and spread communism. With Kennedy and Johnson both, the return to NSC-68 and Vietnam are covered by Gaddis. With more military and economic support for preventing communism, troops were spread to places in Vietnam specifically and across the globe attempting to resist communist forces in many places. This ‘flexible response’ was in essence reducing the power of the army as a whole. The defeat in Vietnam and the flexible response method used by Kennedy and Johnson was judged harshly by Gaddis. The final administration covered by Gaddis was the Nixon presidency. This period, known as Dà ©tente, signals a return to Kennan’s approach to an extent while combining policies from the Kennedy and Johnson diplomacy. Nixon and Kissinger worked towards establishing international rules of conduct in which the Soviets an d China would soon follow promptly and the balance of powers in the world would provide for stability. Gaddis’ book was a detailed anShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis1690 Words   |  7 Pagessince the dawn of American history. The American revolt against the arrogant, totalitarian regime set a precedent for the future events in which the nation came together to oppose anything that went against the concept of democracy, and capitalism. Communism, or Marxism posed as a huge threat to the free mined Western societies, thus resulting in world wars that left perilous aftermaths, and bred an ongoing conflict between the two global political establishments. The Cold War, which is most commonlyRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesI chose The Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis for my book to review. I originally read parts of this book for History of the International System, but we did not read the entire book in class, only certain chapters. It’s been two years since I’ve picked up the book, and after reading about the Cold War in the context of U.S. foreign policy rather than simply an international history class, it seems like an entirely new book. I really like how the book into broken up into a series of themesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis2049 Words   |  9 PagesThe Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis The Cold War: A New History written by John Lewis Gaddis (a professor at Yale University who wrote other books such as The United States and the Origins of the Cold War and Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security) delivers a summarized, yet skewed interpretation of what had happened during the era known as the Cold War. Throughout the book, the author attempts to provide history of the Cold War, whileRead MoreJohn Lewis Gaddis s The Cold War1414 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Lewis Gaddis, is a leading American Historian of the Cold War. He is the Professor of history at Yale University. He is already the author of six books on the same subject. The Cold War: A New History, however, has been written on a less cosmic level. He has distilled a life time of research into this short but comprehensive book. He has given new avenues to old controversies in worldly and stylish, yet direct and plain-spoken manner. The book offers a lot of summari es to intricate historicalRead MoreSurprise, Security, And The American Experience980 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience There are a lot of things analyze the shifts in American foreign policy have been written before the famous day America lose it sense of security Sept 11. Thing like news reports, articles and books. Theses are some of those books :Rogue Nation, The Bubble of American Supremacy, Top Secret America: The Rise of the New American Security State. There are some books who are against America that don t hesitate to compare it to evil countries like Germany during ww2. Then there are book thatRead MoreThe Cold War as the Result of Fear of Soviet Expansion Essay example1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War as the Result of Fear of Soviet Expansion At the end of the Second World War only two out of the all the great powers were left standing. Germany and Japan had been crushed in the war and Britain and France were weakened economically and politically. The United States, who had not seen much fighting on her shores, emerged from the war economically and politically intact as a great nuclear power and Russia, although weakened economically, had the largestRead MoreWas President Truman Responsible for the Cold War? Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesinto office right at the end of World War II, after the death of President Franklin Roosevelt. Almost immediately after becoming president, Truman learned of the Manhattan Project, and had to decide whether or not to use the atomic bomb. With the advice of James Byrnes, Secretary of State, Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs on Japan, in part to demonstrate America’s power to the world and gain a political advantage in Europe (Offner 294). After World War II ended, there were negotiations aboutRead MoreRethinking Cold War History, By John Lewis Gaddis1340 Words   |  6 PagesGaddis, John L. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press1997. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History, is a book about the Cold War. This book was written by John Lewis Gaddis. John L. Gaddis is a Cold War historian. He portrays the Cold War in English and through the dialect of others. The thesis of this book is, I seek to situate this book at a particular point in time, not to claim timelessness for it. This is what I think we know now but did not knowRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War lasted for forty years, from 1945 to 1985. Few historians took the time to address the events as they unfolded thus leaving most people with little or no explanations of the development of the war. During this fearful period, nine presidents served Americans and each president thought that the war carried a lot of dangers for forty five years. Accordingly, young Americans, Soviets and other citizens of the world require the services of a scholar with extraordinary gifts to provide insightRead MoreThe European Dimension Of The Cold War1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War between two rival super powers – the young United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – was an inevitable one. The relationship between the former war allies had begun to dissolve during the Second World War and eventually came to blows in 1947. First, it’s important to note that the Cold War was something that was only between the USA and the USSR is a fallacy. David Reynolds’ piece titled The European Dimension to the Cold War is a historiographical piece

Reviving the Hemingway in Me Free Essays

Writing is regarded as one of the fundamental learning skills that every student should learn. When we were in our early years, we are taught of how to write the alphabet. I could still remember the tedious experience of filling the pages of my notebook with the letters. We will write a custom essay sample on Reviving the Hemingway in Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyday, different letter is documented in the pages of my notebook. This activity aims to attain the perfection of writing characters adhering on the blue and red lines of my writing notebook. I could also remember when I started practicing the cursive form of writing, involving loops and sloppy curves. At first, my handwriting was illegible, that even I had a hard time reading the papers I wrote. After attaining perfection in recognizing and writing the timeless characters of the alphabet, the time of constructing sentences and simple paragraphs was the next in the line of my learning in my English class. The construction of my sentences includes grammar and syntax. My childhood experience in this aspect includes wrong choice of words and wrong subject-verb agreement, but these things were forgivable as I was a beginner back then. The words I used widen my ever-growing vocabulary and add up to the increasing body of knowledge I hold. As the sadistic education process progresses, the integrated requirements in the curriculum took a notch to the higher level. Subjects became harder and professors require loads of work. Essays have become a common and everyday work in English classes and other subjects. Almost every aspect of school suddenly required writing. My calloused fingers never stops working as I tediously finished all the necessary requirements for my classes. Through this activities that were often unnoticed by the students honed our essential craft in writing. The assignments that our mentors give out serve as practice in developing further what we already know. Determining one’s level of writing has become difficult. Because there are no agreed determinants for the quality of writing. Moreover, writing have different aspects and criteria could never be generalized. Literary writers are very proficient in utilizing adjectives and idiomatic expressions, and have very good writing skills. But they could not be as competent in technical writing or writing research papers and business related texts. In my personal view, my writing skill is average, for there are certain aspects of writing that I ought to learn. I am able to accomplish assigned writing tasks though I am not confident that it would satisfy every person’s taste. For writing is subjective or relative, it may be good for one but not to all. I am able to write compositions of different kinds, like literary, formal and technical writing based on the requirements for the text. I can easily adjust my writing style on the needed criteria for the writing assignment. My strong points include the fact that I am well-versed and able to utilize the English language appropriately. I am able to play with words, especially in literary writing which requires the use of adjectives and style. Modesty aside, I could regard myself well in developing a certain topic and including relevant information needed in written work. I am also a wide reader that I think is very essential in writing for reading enables you to include all kinds of relevant information you obtain through research. I am also knowledgeable in the different citation style, like MLA and APA. Though I am not very familiar with the other citation styles, I am very willing to learn this for it will be useful in my study. I am also open to constructive criticisms for the improvement of my writing style. My weaknesses would be on grammar, though this is only minimal errors. But sometimes, I tend to overlook some of my sentences and if I already committed errors in the written work. There are times that my mood affects my writing. Sometimes I tend to manifest my emotion through writing. The way I feel sometimes had an effect on my writing and my desired outcome on my manuscript. Instances like when I suffer melancholic situations, I tend to write about lonely stuffs or even not to write at all. But the positive side of me is I am eager to learn of the things I know nothing or little about. I am very open to criticisms especially when it comes to improving my writing capabilities. I am excited to take on challenges and this includes writing about topics I am not familiar with, for this is regarded as a new experience for me. Taking on subjects on unknown field gives me a wonderful feeling of discovering and learning new things. I am expecting that I will further improve and grow as a writer and I will be able to utilize my talents and skills for great outcomes. I am also expecting to learn new things like techniques that I am able to use in creating wonderful works on my craft. After taking this course, I expected to have that wonderful feeling that I am capable to write like my favorite novelist and develop stories that I could eventually share not only in the class but to others. This is the time that I could proudly say that I finally found the Hemingway in me. How to cite Reviving the Hemingway in Me, Papers

Incidence and mortality of Breast Cancer Free-Samples for Students

Question: Determine whether Annual Mammograms reduces the Mortality Rate of Women aged between 40 to 59 Diagnosed with breast cancer, by Comparing Women who had Mammograms with those who did not. Answer: Introduction: The focus of this paper is to evaluate the methodological quality of the research study by Miller, et al., (2014) with the aim of determining if this study addressed, in its design the probability and degree of bias within it. To successfully conduct the appraisal, several questions were used as provided by the critical appraisal tool for randomized controlled trial, thereby creating a standardized platform to assess the article. Such questions include whether the participant groups had similar prognostic details, identification of confounding factors, validity of results, randomization treatment, stratification, completion of follow up, and applicability of results in clinical practice (Godin, Dhillon, Bhandari, 2011). Twenty Five Year Follow-Up for Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: Randomised Screening Trial by Miller, et al., (2014) The aim of the study was to compare the incidence and mortality of breast cancer in two groups of women, those exposed to mammography and who were not, with participants aged between 40 and 59 years with a 25year follow-up post mammogram. The research took a randomized controlled trial design where the participants were stratified by age, those between 40 and 49 and 50 to 59 years and further by five year age group. Randomization of participants between control group and treatment elevates the likelihood of obtaining participants with similar characteristics (Candice, David, Philippe, 2009). All participants were physically examined and randomization was then done by study coordinators in each of the 15 screening centers where eligible participants were independently, randomly, and blindly assigned to receive or not receive mammography, irrespective of the physical examination results. The selected participants to undergo mammography were screened for the first time and an additional four annual screens plus physical examination and a follow up scheduled. Participants assigned not to undergo mammography were attended physical examination procedures at their centers of screening. On mammography or physical examination, women whose results revealed abnormality were referred a review clinic and diagnostic mammography performed, if indicated. if it necessitated further investigations in diagnosis such as biopsy, they had to see a specialist. Diagnosed individuals with breast cancer underwent treatment under care recommended by their family doctors, and the researchers made a follow-up via communication with surgeon annually. Women with normal results resumed the trial. Strengths and Weaknesses This research study was ethical as signing of an informed consent form approved by relevant authorities was done by participants before randomization. For biasness, the study ensured equivalence of treatment groups by the random allocation of participants into the group to undergo or not undergo mammography. As Young Solomon, (2009) suggests, random controlled trials (RCT) enable similarity of participating groups in unknown and known confounding factors through the random allocation, thus reducing sytematic bias. Additionally, Miller, et al, 2014 further minimized bias by blinding participants during allocation of groups. As McCormack, (n.d) outlines, studies carried out in a blinded manner reduces the prejudice influence. Allocation conceilment was also addressed in Miller, et al, 2014 by allowing central randomization by a third party, study coordinators, as suggested by McCormack, (n.d). However, allocation conceilment using internet-based randomization system or computer progra m would have been more efficient. Since there was no proposed hypothesis or prediction of the results, it was difficult to trace impact bias in the study. Intention to treat analysis was not utilized in the study, and the study failed to mention if there was any discontinuation of participation due to any other reason apart from death. The study is applicable to clinical practice where breast cancer in women aged between 40 and 59 years is in consideration. Therefore, the study design used in this study is valid with randomization, similar prognostic factors of participants ensured, bias reduced and ethical issues addressed. Confounding factors may have influenced the results of this study. As Andale (2016) states, confounding factors can introduce bias and give false research results. For instance, the study failed to consider the breast cancer family history of participants, which have been shown to determine the likelihood of developing the disease. Also, participants behavioral factors such as smoking, and drinking, environmental factors such as the type of environment they are exposed to in their work places, utilization of contraceptives and existence of any other chronic conditions are also potential confounding factors that may influence the study results, by increasing the probability of developing breast cancer or accelerating death. Most of these factors were not awarded any consideration, since there is no mentioning of any exclusion criteria basing on such factors. With regard to real world factors that may affect the quality of this research, diagnosis with breast cancer is a scary experience and different women show different attitudes towards mammography screening. There was a possibility of increased droup out from participation of the study due to fear or attitudes, thus affecting the quality of the research. Additionally, the twenty five year follow up seems to be a limited time to enable complete exploration of the effects of mammography screening and other external factors that may influence development of breast cancer. Also, the lifestyle of individuals has been proven to play significant role in determining the likelihood of developing the disease. Since participants in this study have different lifestyles, the results may not be accurate, lowering the quality of the research. In this regard, the quality if the research may have been influenced by different factors. Although follow up was complete, it was not awarded adequate time since the awarded 25 years leaves no room for investigation for the influence of external factors. For the incomplete follow up, death was the reason. The trials results indicated no decrease in mortality associated with breast cancer upon mammography screening. However, significant results were obtained in difference in survival upon cancer diagnosis between physically diagnosed and mammography diagnosed cancers. Therefore, the research study by Miller, et al. (2014) complied with most of the recommended guidelines of undertaking a randomized control trial, rendering their study valid and of high quality. Particularly, the study design was appropriate, the outcome, death and tumor, to measure the impacts of mammography on mortality and incidence rates in women with breast cancer was suitable, and the study is clinically applicable. However, a number of aspects were not appropriately addressed as per the provisions of randomized control trial critical analysis tool. The follow up length, for instance, was not adequately consistent with the evolution of the disease. In this regard, Miller, et al., (2014)s article is, in general, of good quality. References Andel E,. (2016). Confounding Variable: Simple Definition and Example. Statistics how to. Retrieved April 28 from https:www.statisticshowto.com/design-of-experiments/confounding-variable/ Candice E., David J.T., Philippe R,.(2009) How to perform a critical analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology, Elsevier, 23 (2):291-303. Godin, K., Dhillon, M., Bhandari, M. (2011). The Three Minute Appraisal of a Randomized Trial . Indian Journal of Orthopaedics , 45(3): 194-196. McCormack, J. (n.d). How to Critically Appraise an RCT in 10 Minutes. Miller, A., Wall, C., Baines, C., Sun, P., To, T., Narod, S. (2014). Twenty five year follow-up for breast cancer incidence and mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: randomised screening trial. BMJ, 348(feb11 9), g366-g366 Young, J. M., Solomon, M. J. (2009). How to Critically Appraise an Article . Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol , 6(2): 82-91.

Johnson Johnson as a Rational Organization free essay sample

An examination of the factors that give Johnson Johnson, Co. a rational organizational structure. The paper defines rational organizations as those which seek to develop structure and coordinate their activities in response to technical requirements and in relation to the complexity of the task environment they face. The paper shows how Johnson Johnson has established its mission and vision by putting in place a rational organizational structure, defining reporting relationships, establishing a project management methodology and infrastructure, developing a communications plan in support of the groups global leadership role, creating position descriptions, and recruiting. A history of the company is also discussed. Johnson Johnson attributes the success of its organization structure to its management of each separate part as part of a functioning, single entity. By grouping its global affiliates into three business segments and then overlaying each segment and its affiliates with a transparent structure of alignment, Johnson Johnson has created a unique organization structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Johnson Johnson as a Rational Organization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) - Definitions

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) - Definitions Definition A traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in countries where English is generally not a local medium of communication. English as a Foreign Language (EFL) corresponds roughly to the Expanding Circle described by linguist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985). See examples and observations below. Also see: English as a Second LanguageTop Four ESL WebsitesCommunicative CompetenceContrastive RhetoricEnglish as an Additional LanguageEnglish as a Lingua FrancaEnglish as a Native LanguageEnglish as a Second LanguageGlobal EnglishInner Circle, Outer Circle, Expanding CircleInterlanguageNative SpeakerismNew EnglishesNotes on English as a Global LanguageSecond Language (L2)World English Example and Observations: ESL and EFL instructional approaches differ in significant ways. ESL is based on the premise that English is the language of the community and the school and that students have access to English models. EFL is usually learned in environments where the language of the community and the school is not English. EFL teachers have the difficult task of finding access to and providing English models for their students. . . . As the number of ESL students has increased in schools across North America, more classrooms and school have become more like EFL than ESL environments.(Lee Gunderson, ESL (ELL) Literacy Instruction: A Guidebook to Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2009)Distinctions Between ESL and EFLAlthough ESL (English as Second Language) and EFL (English as Foreign Language) are often used interchangeably, there are unique differences between the two. . . .ESL countries are nations where the medium of instruction in education and government is in English, although English may not be the native language.On the other hand, EFL countries do not use English as a medium of instruction but English is taught in schools. Malaysia was once considered an ESL country but now leans more towards EFL.The methods and approaches of teaching English as a second language and foreign language do differ greatly.(Christopher Fernandez, Of English Teachers Then and Now. The Star [Malaysia], November 11, 2012)The distinction between second language and foreign language is not, however, a sharp one, and there are cases, like Indonesia, where classification is disputable. Moreover, there is a considerable amount of variation in the roles played by second languages, for example in education, in the fields of discourse used, and in the giving of prestige or power. In India, the medium of instruction in schools was changed from English to the regional languages after Independence, and subsequently there has been a gradual process of Indianization of the universities, which at one time were all English-medium.(Charles Barber, The English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000)Indonesia, a former Dutch colony, used to emphasize the teaching of Dutch . . .. The movement towards English as a foreign language began at independence, and English is now the main foreign language being learned in Indonesia. English is taught for eight or nine years from primary school (from Grade 4 or 5) through high school (Renandya, 2000). The main objective is to provide reading skills to enable Indonesians to read science-related materials in English.(Maria Lourdes S. Bautista and Andrew B. Gonzalez, Southeast Asian Englishes. The Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and Cecil L. Nelson. Blackwell, 2006)

#10 El Nino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#10 El Nino - Essay Example In normal years, ocean current flows to the north towards the Equator down the western coast of South America. The water on the ocean surface was being drawn away from the continent and to be replaced by cold nutrient-rich water pushed upwards from the ocean depth. This process is known as upwelling. During this season, a good harvest is being anticipated by fishermen of the area. Further, colder weather is experienced by the people living in this area since the ocean surface is cold during this time. During El Nià ±o year, the warm pool of water flows eastward until it spreads in the entire Pacific Ocean. For this reason, the cool water of the South American coast is replaced by warmer waters, thus weakening the upwelling process (Trenberth 1997). In effect, the surface of the sea temperature rises beyond the normal range. This occurrence means heavy rainfall and eventual flooding in some South American countries and drought and very dry season in Indonesia, Australia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Northeastern South America with altered patterns of tropical storms in the tropical belt (Enfield n.d.). Global warming is also a great contributor to this kind of phenomena. The coastal warming is being associated with a more widespread irregular ocean warming to the International Dateline and it is this Pacific basin-wide phenomenon that forms the link with strange global climate patterns. This component joined to El Nià ±o is called the Southern Oscillation (Trenberth 1997). ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) is the phenomenon where the atmosphere and ocean collaborates together. The El Nino phenomenon is the warm phase of ENSO, and its opposite, La Nià ±a, the occurrence where cooling of the tropical Pacific takes place corresponds to the cold phase of ENSO. The El Nià ±o, or ENSO for scientists, can be considered as a normal occurrence based on nature patterns studied by some scientists. But still, it greatly affects global climate

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Reaction paper - Essay Example There are irregularities with the reports that are being disseminated to the public. These information varies from the number of people who died at Auschwitz to the percentage of the buildings are kept from its original state and which have been modified. Some information that was made public has inconsistencies and there have been no concrete proofs of the â€Å"killings† made at Auschwitz. The interview was made in search of the truth and not to make false conclusions and judgments as to what have happened. It is still in the search of the truth as to what have happened to the people at Auschwitz and how they â€Å"disappeared.† It was an unbiased report and just brought out the inconsistencies of the information being disseminated into the public for them to â€Å"believe.† On a personal note, although the issue regarding holocaust can be considered as a sensitive and controversial issue for most people, it needed to be faced and the public should have the responsibility of facing the facts and deciphering